Profitability
Gross Margin(Revenue − COGS) / Revenue
EBITDA MarginEBITDA / Revenue
Operating MarginEBIT / Revenue
Net Profit MarginNet Profit / Revenue
Return on Equity (ROE)Net Profit / Shareholders' Equity
Return on Assets (ROA)Net Profit / Total Assets
Growth
Revenue Growth (YoY)(This period − Prior period) / Prior period
CAGR(End / Start)^(1 / years) − 1
Rule of 40 (SaaS)Growth % + Profit Margin % ≥ 40
Free Cash Flow MarginFree Cash Flow / Revenue
Liquidity & Cash
Current RatioCurrent Assets / Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio(Current Assets − Inventory) / Current Liabilities
Monthly Burn RateNet cash spent per month
Cash RunwayCash balance / Monthly burn (months left)
Free Cash FlowOperating Cash Flow − CapEx
Working Capital Efficiency
DSO — Days Sales Outstanding(Accounts Receivable / Revenue) × 365
DPO — Days Payable Outstanding(Accounts Payable / COGS) × 365
DIO — Days Inventory Outstanding(Inventory / COGS) × 365
Cash Conversion CycleDSO + DIO − DPO (days)
SaaS & Recurring Revenue
MRR / ARRMonthly / Annual Recurring Revenue
ARR GrowthYear-over-year growth in ARR
Net Revenue Retention (NRR)(Start ARR + expansion − churn − contraction) / Start ARR
Gross Revenue Retention (GRR)(Start ARR − churn − contraction) / Start ARR
Customer Churn RateCustomers lost / Customers at start of period
CAC — Customer Acquisition CostSales & Marketing spend / New customers
LTV — Customer Lifetime ValueARPA × Gross Margin % / Churn rate
LTV : CAC RatioLTV / CAC (healthy ≥ 3×)
CAC PaybackCAC / (ARPA × Gross Margin %) — months
Magic NumberNet new ARR / prior-quarter S&M spend
ARPA / ARPURevenue / number of accounts (or users)